Telephone transmission systems WA
The principles of analogue and digital multiplexing and transmission systems can be seen here.
From about 1960 there was rapid development, Australia-wide, of high capacity "long line" telephone transmission systems. By the mid 1970s the majority of subscribers had a national dialling system - STD (Subscriber Trunk Dialling). The two major transmission technologies employed at the time were analogue underground coaxial cable systems and microwave radio systems.
This page describes some Western Australian systems history.
The principles of analogue and digital multiplexing and transmission systems can be seen here.
From about 1960 there was rapid development, Australia-wide, of high capacity "long line" telephone transmission systems. By the mid 1970s the majority of subscribers had a national dialling system - STD (Subscriber Trunk Dialling). The two major transmission technologies employed at the time were analogue underground coaxial cable systems and microwave radio systems.
This page describes some Western Australian systems history.
Contents
- West-east telephony
- Perth – London Radio-Telephone System 1956
- Perth-Bunbury coaxial cable
- Perth-Carnarvon-Port Hedland coaxial cable
- Carnarvon space tracking station
- Mrs O'Donahue at Hamelin Pool saves the day
- Microwave radio systems
- Kimberley WA Microwave project 1978-82
- Australian optic fibre system
- Western Australia Infrastructure
West-east Telephony
From an article by John Moynihan in "Engineers Australia", December 1980 - January 1981.
"A conversation on December 18th 1930 between Western Australian Premier Sir James Mitchell and Federal Postmaster General Joseph Lyons began an important era in Australian communications.
Mitchell in Perth and Lyons in Melbourne made the first official telephone call between Australia's east and west. The conversation was made possible by a two-wire voice frequency repeated single circuit which also hosted a 10-channel telegraph system. See downloadable PDF at the bottom of this article
The voice link came into use more than half a century after the first electrical communication - the Intercolonial Telegraph - opened on December 8th 1877. Two further wires were added in 1896 and another in 1905 but the lines, which followed the coast and passed through Eucla, were subject to recurring insulation problems due to sea mists.
When the transcontinental railway was being built from Kalgoorlie to Port Augusta the PMG's Department paid the Commonwealth Railways £25,000 to reduce the pole spacing to allow a telegraph line to follow the track. Future PMG wires would thus be better supported. Three copper conductors were erected by the PMG on this route and in March 1927 interstate telegraph traffic was transferred from the Eucla route to these new wires.
Mounting pressure for an east-west telephone link led to the formation, early in 1929, of a Federal Parliamentary Committee to look into the matter. The Committee handed down a favourable recommendation in August that year, estimating the cost of one Perth-Adelaide telephone trunk at £70,000.
It was proposed that one voice frequency (VF) repeated circuit be installed between Perth and Adelaide. Telegraphs would be carried by a higher frequency carrier circuit equipped with ten duplex channels occupying the frequency range of 3.3 to 10kHz on the same pair of wires. Seven repeater stations were required. See downloadable PDF at the bottom of this article.
Western Australia had also been pressing for sound broadcasts to be relayed from the east. At first the telephone trunk was occasionally used to relay speech broadcasts but its bandwidth could not handle musical programs. In 1933 a Standard Telephones and Cables Pty. Ltd. Broadcast line carrier system manufactured to PMG specifications at a cost of £1,700 was installed.
Demand for more than the single east-west telephone line did not occur until late in the 1930s. The outbreak of World War II increased the pressure and in 1941 the War Cabinet authorised a vote of £150,000 for upgrading east-west communications. Significant items were a fourth wire to run from Port Augusta to Kalgoorlie and two three-channel carrier telephone systems Perth-Adelaide to replace the single 1930 circuit which was still the only channel available.
Work started in 1942 on running the extra wire and also on establishing a three-channel carrier telephone system on the existing pair. The first system was placed in service in October 1942 but, due to wartime shortages, it was not until July 1945 that the second system was ready. At the end of the war there were 5 east-west telephone circuits and a sixth channel for telegraphs.
In postwar years demand for extra transcontinental circuits increased and early in 1954 two 12-channel open wire carrier telephone systems were completed, one Perth-Kalgoorlie and the other Kalgoorlie-Port Augusta. In February 1954 six of these circuits were through-connected for interstate use.
By 1958 there were two extra copper pairs between Port Augusta and Kalgoorlie. All pairs carried 12-channel systems and the pole route was stayed to withstand high winds at a total cost of £750,000.
By the end of 1963 the route carried a further two 12-channel systems but more were required. While it was recognised the pole route was in good condition represented a substantial asset it was obvious that long-term needs would need a new approach.By mid 1969 the transcontinental open wire route reached its maximum capacity of 104 telephone circuits and about 15 channels used for telegraphs, broadcast and private lines.
In 1966 a $10 million contract for a 2GHz microwave radio system between Northam (WA) and Port Pirie (SA) was let to GEC (Australia) Pty. Ltd. Over the 2300km route there were to be 60 repeaters for the main 600-channel telephony bearer and its standby bearer. The latter was also to carry interstate TV as required.
The east-west microwave came into service on July 10th 1970 bringing to WA not only extra channels but also STD to other capitals and the ability to send or receive TV programs across the nation (more here).
In 1981 there were about 1100 telephone circuits for public use plus hundreds of circuits for other uses. Today, in the digital age, there are many thousands of virtual circuits linking Western Australia with the rest of Australia and the world. A far cry from the single pair of wires following the long straight railway line across the Nullabor in 1930."
From an article by John Moynihan in "Engineers Australia", December 1980 - January 1981.
"A conversation on December 18th 1930 between Western Australian Premier Sir James Mitchell and Federal Postmaster General Joseph Lyons began an important era in Australian communications.
Mitchell in Perth and Lyons in Melbourne made the first official telephone call between Australia's east and west. The conversation was made possible by a two-wire voice frequency repeated single circuit which also hosted a 10-channel telegraph system. See downloadable PDF at the bottom of this article
The voice link came into use more than half a century after the first electrical communication - the Intercolonial Telegraph - opened on December 8th 1877. Two further wires were added in 1896 and another in 1905 but the lines, which followed the coast and passed through Eucla, were subject to recurring insulation problems due to sea mists.
When the transcontinental railway was being built from Kalgoorlie to Port Augusta the PMG's Department paid the Commonwealth Railways £25,000 to reduce the pole spacing to allow a telegraph line to follow the track. Future PMG wires would thus be better supported. Three copper conductors were erected by the PMG on this route and in March 1927 interstate telegraph traffic was transferred from the Eucla route to these new wires.
Mounting pressure for an east-west telephone link led to the formation, early in 1929, of a Federal Parliamentary Committee to look into the matter. The Committee handed down a favourable recommendation in August that year, estimating the cost of one Perth-Adelaide telephone trunk at £70,000.
It was proposed that one voice frequency (VF) repeated circuit be installed between Perth and Adelaide. Telegraphs would be carried by a higher frequency carrier circuit equipped with ten duplex channels occupying the frequency range of 3.3 to 10kHz on the same pair of wires. Seven repeater stations were required. See downloadable PDF at the bottom of this article.
Western Australia had also been pressing for sound broadcasts to be relayed from the east. At first the telephone trunk was occasionally used to relay speech broadcasts but its bandwidth could not handle musical programs. In 1933 a Standard Telephones and Cables Pty. Ltd. Broadcast line carrier system manufactured to PMG specifications at a cost of £1,700 was installed.
Demand for more than the single east-west telephone line did not occur until late in the 1930s. The outbreak of World War II increased the pressure and in 1941 the War Cabinet authorised a vote of £150,000 for upgrading east-west communications. Significant items were a fourth wire to run from Port Augusta to Kalgoorlie and two three-channel carrier telephone systems Perth-Adelaide to replace the single 1930 circuit which was still the only channel available.
Work started in 1942 on running the extra wire and also on establishing a three-channel carrier telephone system on the existing pair. The first system was placed in service in October 1942 but, due to wartime shortages, it was not until July 1945 that the second system was ready. At the end of the war there were 5 east-west telephone circuits and a sixth channel for telegraphs.
In postwar years demand for extra transcontinental circuits increased and early in 1954 two 12-channel open wire carrier telephone systems were completed, one Perth-Kalgoorlie and the other Kalgoorlie-Port Augusta. In February 1954 six of these circuits were through-connected for interstate use.
By 1958 there were two extra copper pairs between Port Augusta and Kalgoorlie. All pairs carried 12-channel systems and the pole route was stayed to withstand high winds at a total cost of £750,000.
By the end of 1963 the route carried a further two 12-channel systems but more were required. While it was recognised the pole route was in good condition represented a substantial asset it was obvious that long-term needs would need a new approach.By mid 1969 the transcontinental open wire route reached its maximum capacity of 104 telephone circuits and about 15 channels used for telegraphs, broadcast and private lines.
In 1966 a $10 million contract for a 2GHz microwave radio system between Northam (WA) and Port Pirie (SA) was let to GEC (Australia) Pty. Ltd. Over the 2300km route there were to be 60 repeaters for the main 600-channel telephony bearer and its standby bearer. The latter was also to carry interstate TV as required.
The east-west microwave came into service on July 10th 1970 bringing to WA not only extra channels but also STD to other capitals and the ability to send or receive TV programs across the nation (more here).
In 1981 there were about 1100 telephone circuits for public use plus hundreds of circuits for other uses. Today, in the digital age, there are many thousands of virtual circuits linking Western Australia with the rest of Australia and the world. A far cry from the single pair of wires following the long straight railway line across the Nullabor in 1930."
e_w_telephone_1930_post_office_electrical_engineers_journal_vol_25_pt_1_april_1932.pdf | |
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west_east_call_nla.news-article33005893.3.pdf | |
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Perth - London Radio-Telephone System 1956
Associated with the Melbourne Olympic games of 1956, Australia’s international telephone transmission capacity was extended, including a direct Perth-London radio-telephone link.
This system provided the first means of direct telephone communications between Perth and the UK other than by landline via the Eastern States. For privacy reasons the transmitted voice band was split into five sub-bands before 'scrambling'. The receiving station at Bassendean was responsible for collecting the five sub-bands sent from London before forwarding them to the 2nd floor of Perth GPO where the control equipment was housed. The OTC Station at Wireless Hill housed the transmitting equipment, for the outgoing side of the telephone call, using Rombic Antenna array at Applecross (Wireless Hill). Separation of Transmission and Receiving Stations prevented cross-talk and channel interference.
Images of this system's equipment can be accessed at the Melville City collection:
https://libraries.melvillecity.com.au/client/en_GB/default/search/results?qu=telephone&rw=36&te=ASSET&isd=true
Associated with the Melbourne Olympic games of 1956, Australia’s international telephone transmission capacity was extended, including a direct Perth-London radio-telephone link.
This system provided the first means of direct telephone communications between Perth and the UK other than by landline via the Eastern States. For privacy reasons the transmitted voice band was split into five sub-bands before 'scrambling'. The receiving station at Bassendean was responsible for collecting the five sub-bands sent from London before forwarding them to the 2nd floor of Perth GPO where the control equipment was housed. The OTC Station at Wireless Hill housed the transmitting equipment, for the outgoing side of the telephone call, using Rombic Antenna array at Applecross (Wireless Hill). Separation of Transmission and Receiving Stations prevented cross-talk and channel interference.
Images of this system's equipment can be accessed at the Melville City collection:
https://libraries.melvillecity.com.au/client/en_GB/default/search/results?qu=telephone&rw=36&te=ASSET&isd=true
Perth - Bunbury coaxial cable
Following successful completion of the Melbourne - Sydney coaxial cable system in April 1962, installation of the Perth - Bunbury coax. cable system got underway in September 1962. It dramatically changed the face of telecommunications in SW of WA by providing many extra telephone channels and a regional television relay service to the Bunbury region.
Contemporary newspaper reports put the cost in excess of one million pounds (£1 = $2), Given that the Australian male annual basic wage in 1961 was around £290 ($580) and today (2020) the minimum adult wage is about $39000 p/a (source ABS), the project would have cost the equivalent of about $130 million in today's dollars!
My former PMG colleague, Mr Alan Hampel, tells me that the system's terminals and repeaters were Siemens valve-based units employing high voltage AC power feeding. To quote Alan. "It was an unusual constant voltage system, using boost auto-transformers at each repeater, somewhat like what is done in electric railway traction, to overcome the volt drop in the coax tubes. See diagram."
Following successful completion of the Melbourne - Sydney coaxial cable system in April 1962, installation of the Perth - Bunbury coax. cable system got underway in September 1962. It dramatically changed the face of telecommunications in SW of WA by providing many extra telephone channels and a regional television relay service to the Bunbury region.
Contemporary newspaper reports put the cost in excess of one million pounds (£1 = $2), Given that the Australian male annual basic wage in 1961 was around £290 ($580) and today (2020) the minimum adult wage is about $39000 p/a (source ABS), the project would have cost the equivalent of about $130 million in today's dollars!
My former PMG colleague, Mr Alan Hampel, tells me that the system's terminals and repeaters were Siemens valve-based units employing high voltage AC power feeding. To quote Alan. "It was an unusual constant voltage system, using boost auto-transformers at each repeater, somewhat like what is done in electric railway traction, to overcome the volt drop in the coax tubes. See diagram."
The system served the SW of WA for decades but by the end of the 20th century it had been abandoned. Some of the old infrastructure is still in-situ. In August 2020 I rediscovered this surviving repeater building on Southwest Highway about 7 km north of the town of Pinjarra. The buildings were solidly built of concrete and brick and about 4 metres square. Although marred by vandals, this example was still in good structural condition.
The following information was sourced from The Telecommunication Journal Of Australia Vol. 14, No. 1 June, 1963 (P.35). To translate some of the early units of measurement (approx.): One Inch = 25.4 mm. One mile =1.61 km, c/s (cycles per second) = Hz, so 6Mc/s = 6 MHz etc.
“PERTH-BUNBURY COAXIAL CABLE
A coaxial cable is being installed between Perth and Bunbury in Western Australia to replace the existing pole route, which is incapable of catering for the additional trunk channels that are needed. A four-tube coaxial cable has been chosen in preference to radio as there are a number of relatively small intermediate exchanges that cannot economically be served by carrier channels on a broadband bearer, and which therefore require voice-frequency cable pairs. Such pairs are readily provided at the same time as the main coaxial cable, either within the sheath of the coaxial cable or in separate cables in the same trench.
The cable will carry a broadband trunk telephone system between Perth, Pinjarra and Bunbury, together with television programme transmission from the A.B.C. studios at Perth to the regional television transmitter at Mt. Lennard which will serve the Bunbury coastal area of Western Australia. (Both way television facilities could be provided in the future if required). The route distance is 118 miles and, as mentioned, voice-frequency conductors within the coaxial cable sheath will serve the trunk telephone needs of all the smaller communities along the route. In the vicinity of Armadale some 13 miles of voice-frequency trunk telephone cables will be laid concurrently with the coaxial cable to meet the heavy demands originating in the rural communities to the north and to the south of Armadale. The route has been laid out to allow Harvey to become a dropout station when telephone traffic density increases.
The cable is being laid at a depth of 4 ft. throughout the route in open trench cut by bucket wheel ditching machines. At this depth, damage to the cable by earth-moving machines, etc., is minimised. In addition, a continuous-flow gas pressure alarm system is fitted; this gives rapid warning in the event of damage to the cable sheath, and helps to keep water out in that event. Moreover, the lead sheath of the cable is isolated from ground throughout the whole distance by means of an 0.1 inch jacket of P.V.C. to protect the lead from electrolytic corrosion.
Twenty unattended repeater stations are being provided along the cable at intervals of approximately 5 1/2 miles, at which spacing the coaxial tubes will be capable of carrying a bandwidth of 6 Mc/s. Power for the intermediate repeaters is fed over the cable from Pinjarra, situated about half-way along the route. The design of the cable is such that, in future years, the number of minor repeater stations can be doubled with a corresponding increase of useful bandwidth to 12 Mc/s, which would effectively double the telephone channel capacity of the cable.
The whole of the cable is Australian made. Outdoor installation commenced during September, 1962, and is due for completion by May, 1964. The outdoor construction is spread over two laying seasons of approximately nine months each with a planned stop-work period during the winter of 1963. By the beginning of April 1963, some 70 miles of coaxial cable and 13 miles of minor trunk cable had been laid, and the cable jointing operations were well advanced.
The broadband telephone and television transmission terminal and repeater equipment is due for delivery late in 1963 and installation is planned for completion by October 1964. Initial telephone channel provision will meet immediate needs and the equipment has been designed to allow future channels (to a total maximum of 1,260 with the present repeater spacing) to be added as required. Facilities will be available for the provision of broadcast programme channels (10 Kc/s width) and multi-channel telegraph systems.”
“PERTH-BUNBURY COAXIAL CABLE
A coaxial cable is being installed between Perth and Bunbury in Western Australia to replace the existing pole route, which is incapable of catering for the additional trunk channels that are needed. A four-tube coaxial cable has been chosen in preference to radio as there are a number of relatively small intermediate exchanges that cannot economically be served by carrier channels on a broadband bearer, and which therefore require voice-frequency cable pairs. Such pairs are readily provided at the same time as the main coaxial cable, either within the sheath of the coaxial cable or in separate cables in the same trench.
The cable will carry a broadband trunk telephone system between Perth, Pinjarra and Bunbury, together with television programme transmission from the A.B.C. studios at Perth to the regional television transmitter at Mt. Lennard which will serve the Bunbury coastal area of Western Australia. (Both way television facilities could be provided in the future if required). The route distance is 118 miles and, as mentioned, voice-frequency conductors within the coaxial cable sheath will serve the trunk telephone needs of all the smaller communities along the route. In the vicinity of Armadale some 13 miles of voice-frequency trunk telephone cables will be laid concurrently with the coaxial cable to meet the heavy demands originating in the rural communities to the north and to the south of Armadale. The route has been laid out to allow Harvey to become a dropout station when telephone traffic density increases.
The cable is being laid at a depth of 4 ft. throughout the route in open trench cut by bucket wheel ditching machines. At this depth, damage to the cable by earth-moving machines, etc., is minimised. In addition, a continuous-flow gas pressure alarm system is fitted; this gives rapid warning in the event of damage to the cable sheath, and helps to keep water out in that event. Moreover, the lead sheath of the cable is isolated from ground throughout the whole distance by means of an 0.1 inch jacket of P.V.C. to protect the lead from electrolytic corrosion.
Twenty unattended repeater stations are being provided along the cable at intervals of approximately 5 1/2 miles, at which spacing the coaxial tubes will be capable of carrying a bandwidth of 6 Mc/s. Power for the intermediate repeaters is fed over the cable from Pinjarra, situated about half-way along the route. The design of the cable is such that, in future years, the number of minor repeater stations can be doubled with a corresponding increase of useful bandwidth to 12 Mc/s, which would effectively double the telephone channel capacity of the cable.
The whole of the cable is Australian made. Outdoor installation commenced during September, 1962, and is due for completion by May, 1964. The outdoor construction is spread over two laying seasons of approximately nine months each with a planned stop-work period during the winter of 1963. By the beginning of April 1963, some 70 miles of coaxial cable and 13 miles of minor trunk cable had been laid, and the cable jointing operations were well advanced.
The broadband telephone and television transmission terminal and repeater equipment is due for delivery late in 1963 and installation is planned for completion by October 1964. Initial telephone channel provision will meet immediate needs and the equipment has been designed to allow future channels (to a total maximum of 1,260 with the present repeater spacing) to be added as required. Facilities will be available for the provision of broadcast programme channels (10 Kc/s width) and multi-channel telegraph systems.”
Perth - Carnarvon - Port Hedland coaxial cable
Summary of project courtesy Mr Ross Herbert. Click download file.
Summary of project courtesy Mr Ross Herbert. Click download file.
Coax_project.pdf | |
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The above images sourced from Telecommunications Journal of Australia. With thanks to:
http://www.coxhill.com/trlhistory/history/australian_publications.htm)
Following is an extract from Telecommunications Journal of Australia Feb. 1970 describing Perth - Carnarvon section of the coax. project. The only online source with images I can find. Click download file below.
http://www.coxhill.com/trlhistory/history/australian_publications.htm)
Following is an extract from Telecommunications Journal of Australia Feb. 1970 describing Perth - Carnarvon section of the coax. project. The only online source with images I can find. Click download file below.
perth_carnarvon_coax_tja_feb_1970.pdf | |
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Carnarvon Space Tracking Station
Intimately linked to the PMG telecoms network from the 1960s:
https://oldaustraliantelephones.weebly.com/misc-wa-telecomms-history.html#aa
https://www.honeysucklecreek.net/other_stations/carnarvon/index.html
Mrs O'Donahue at Hamelin Pool saves the day
Read how the first (1964) Gemini space shot tracking project was rescued by a country postmistress and an abandoned earth return telegraph line.
https://www.honeysucklecreek.net/other_stations/carnarvon/Hamelin_Pool_GT1.html
Intimately linked to the PMG telecoms network from the 1960s:
https://oldaustraliantelephones.weebly.com/misc-wa-telecomms-history.html#aa
https://www.honeysucklecreek.net/other_stations/carnarvon/index.html
Mrs O'Donahue at Hamelin Pool saves the day
Read how the first (1964) Gemini space shot tracking project was rescued by a country postmistress and an abandoned earth return telegraph line.
https://www.honeysucklecreek.net/other_stations/carnarvon/Hamelin_Pool_GT1.html
From John Lambie, PMG Technician part of the Gemini project at Carnarvon in 1964:
“This NASA image shows the Gemini Titan rocket on the launch pad at Cape Kennedy and the two-man capsule being hoisted aloft. This was the unmanned mission that Carnarvon tracked and involved Mrs O'Donahue at Hamelin Pool passing pointing data over the redundant earth return circuits from Mullewa to Carnarvon.”
“This NASA image shows the Gemini Titan rocket on the launch pad at Cape Kennedy and the two-man capsule being hoisted aloft. This was the unmanned mission that Carnarvon tracked and involved Mrs O'Donahue at Hamelin Pool passing pointing data over the redundant earth return circuits from Mullewa to Carnarvon.”
Microwave radio systems in WA
GEC microwave transmission system 1962
The full text of this article appears here. Below is a brief overview of the WA installation
Perth – Northam – Albany
The equipment for this system is arranged initially to relay (a) television plus sound programme signals from Perth to Northam (Needling Hills) and Albany (Mt Barker). The system includes nine hops with intermediate switching stations at Mt Bakewell.”
GEC microwave transmission system 1962
The full text of this article appears here. Below is a brief overview of the WA installation
Perth – Northam – Albany
The equipment for this system is arranged initially to relay (a) television plus sound programme signals from Perth to Northam (Needling Hills) and Albany (Mt Barker). The system includes nine hops with intermediate switching stations at Mt Bakewell.”
The Kimberley WA Microwave Project
Planning commence in 1978 and by 1983 the project was complete, connecting Port Hedland, Wyndham and all points between to the existing broadband network. Click on download file below to view Telecom Australia's publication describing the project (From Peter van Vugt archives).
Planning commence in 1978 and by 1983 the project was complete, connecting Port Hedland, Wyndham and all points between to the existing broadband network. Click on download file below to view Telecom Australia's publication describing the project (From Peter van Vugt archives).
the_kimberley_microwave_project_book.pdf | |
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Mt Yokine Radio Terminal 1984
Telecom Australia brochure describing the WA microwave network in 1984 and particularly the Mt Yokine terminal. Click on download file below to view.
Telecom Australia brochure describing the WA microwave network in 1984 and particularly the Mt Yokine terminal. Click on download file below to view.
mount_yokine_radio_terminal.pdf | |
File Size: | 230 kb |
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Australian Optical Fibre Systems Network (1985-2000)
Optical fibre (OF) transmission systems are ideally suited to digital multiplexing systems and became the norm in Australia after the 1980s. Some digital multiplexing (TDM) info. here. Basic optical fibre principles can be viewed here. A map of the extent of Australia's digital network in the 21st C. can be seen here
The image below gives a concept map of the Australian network from 1985. I had some experience in the late 1980s - early 90s with 140Mbs OF systems in WA and was across the first e-w project (565Mbs) but the memory's faded, I never kept any records and there is very little historical information on-line but I do remember substantial OF installation projects all around metropolitan Perth at the time. If former Telecom Australia staff have any images, approximate dates or general information I'd be pleased to hear from you. Contact me here.
Optical fibre (OF) transmission systems are ideally suited to digital multiplexing systems and became the norm in Australia after the 1980s. Some digital multiplexing (TDM) info. here. Basic optical fibre principles can be viewed here. A map of the extent of Australia's digital network in the 21st C. can be seen here
The image below gives a concept map of the Australian network from 1985. I had some experience in the late 1980s - early 90s with 140Mbs OF systems in WA and was across the first e-w project (565Mbs) but the memory's faded, I never kept any records and there is very little historical information on-line but I do remember substantial OF installation projects all around metropolitan Perth at the time. If former Telecom Australia staff have any images, approximate dates or general information I'd be pleased to hear from you. Contact me here.
Western Australia 21st c.
An overview of Australia's main infrastructure systems, including the optical fibre network can be viewed at https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/digitalinfrastructureatlas
An overview of Australia's main infrastructure systems, including the optical fibre network can be viewed at https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/digitalinfrastructureatlas